This review examines how aromatic compounds found in plastics, pesticides, and antibiotics pollute our environment and how bacteria like Comamonas testosteroni can break them down naturally. The research shows that microplastics are accumulating in oceans and wildlife, causing health problems ranging from physical damage to disruption of metabolism and development. Scientists are exploring ways to use these bacteria and microbiome engineering to create biological cleaning systems that could sustainably treat pollution without adding more chemicals to the environment.