This research investigated how microorganisms break down leftover mushroom growing materials into useful organic fertilizer. The scientists tracked changes in bacterial and fungal communities during composting and identified the proteins involved in breaking down plant materials. This has important real-world applications: • Helps reduce agricultural waste by converting mushroom cultivation leftovers into valuable fertilizer • Improves our understanding of sustainable farming practices and organic waste management • Provides insights for optimizing composting processes for better fertilizer production • Contributes to environmentally-friendly farming methods • Demonstrates how agricultural waste can be transformed into useful resources