This research examines new technologies that could make vaccines easier to transport, store, and administer to people worldwide. The goal is to develop vaccines that don’t require refrigeration, are simple to give without needles, and are more affordable and accessible to everyone who needs them. Key impacts on everyday life: – Development of needle-free vaccines that could reduce fear and pain associated with shots – Creation of vaccines that don’t need refrigeration, making them easier to transport and store – New delivery methods like patches or nasal sprays that could allow self-administration at home – Reduced costs and improved access to vaccines in remote areas – Safer vaccination with less risk of needle injuries or contamination