This research examines how bacteria produce and secrete cellulose, which is the most abundant biological material on Earth. While we typically associate cellulose with plants, many bacteria can also make this important molecule to help them survive and thrive in different environments. The study reveals the complex molecular machinery that bacteria use to manufacture and export cellulose, which they use to form protective biofilm communities and interact with their surroundings. Impacts on everyday life: • Understanding bacterial cellulose production could lead to more sustainable and eco-friendly materials for medical applications, food packaging, and electronics • This knowledge helps explain how harmful bacteria form antibiotic-resistant biofilms in infections and on medical devices • The findings could help develop new strategies to either promote beneficial bacterial growth (like in probiotic foods) or prevent harmful bacterial colonization • This research advances our ability to engineer bacteria to produce custom-designed cellulose materials with specific properties • The insights gained could lead to improved treatments for biofilm-related infections and better wound dressing materials