This research provides a comprehensive comparison of cell structures and functions across animals, plants, and fungi, highlighting how these major groups of complex life have evolved different cellular solutions to similar challenges. The study reveals both shared features and important differences in how cells are organized and function across these groups. Impacts on everyday life: – Helps understand why certain medicines or treatments may work differently in humans versus plants or fungi – Provides insights for developing better agricultural practices and crop protection strategies – Contributes to our understanding of human diseases by comparing cellular processes across different life forms – Aids in developing new biotechnology applications by understanding cellular differences – Supports conservation efforts by highlighting the unique biological features of different life forms