This research examines how flies transmit bacteria, viruses and other microbes through specialized structures in their digestive system, particularly the crop – a storage organ in their foregut. The study reveals that flies are not just simple mechanical carriers of germs, but have complex relationships with the microbes they transport. This has important implications for public health, agriculture and food safety. Key impacts on everyday life: – Helps explain how flies contaminate food and spread diseases in homes and restaurants – Provides insights for developing better fly control methods to prevent food contamination – Improves understanding of antibiotic resistance spread by flies between farms and urban areas – Informs better sanitation practices in food processing and healthcare facilities – Suggests new approaches for controlling agricultural pests and plant diseases spread by flies