This research introduces the concept of ‘shadow diversity’ to describe species that exist but remain unknown to science. The study examines why some species are discovered and studied while others remain unknown, considering factors like historical biases, funding priorities, and cultural values. This work is important for understanding and protecting biodiversity that we haven’t yet discovered. Impacts on everyday life: • Helps protect unknown species that may have future benefits for medicine, agriculture, or ecosystem health • Improves our understanding of why certain species get more attention and research funding than others • Provides better ways to discuss and value undiscovered species in conservation efforts • Highlights the importance of considering all forms of life, not just well-known species, in conservation planning • Encourages more inclusive approaches to biodiversity research and protection