This research developed an improved method for genetically modifying shiitake mushrooms in the laboratory. The study found that the growth medium and genetic makeup of the mushroom strains significantly affect how well they can be modified. This advancement helps scientists better understand and potentially improve mushroom characteristics. Impacts on everyday life: • Could lead to improved shiitake mushroom varieties with better growth or nutritional properties • May help develop mushrooms with enhanced medicinal compounds • Could contribute to more efficient and sustainable mushroom cultivation methods • May lead to better understanding of how to improve other edible and medicinal mushrooms • Could help develop new biotechnology applications using mushrooms