This review explains how moths’ brains process smells through specialized neural pathways. The antennal lobe, the smell-processing center, contains six different pathways that carry different types of olfactory information to higher brain regions. Some pathways are specialized for detecting pheromones (mating signals) while others process plant odors or other environmental cues. The organization of these pathways determines how quickly and accurately the moth can detect and respond to important smells.