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Toxicology and Analysis of Psychoactive Tryptamines

Summary

Tryptamines are a growing class of psychoactive drugs that can cause hallucinations and other dramatic changes in perception. These substances, including compounds like DMT and psilocybin from magic mushrooms, work by affecting serotonin receptors in the brain. While some research explores their potential medical use for treating depression and anxiety, they also carry serious risks including dangerous changes in heart rate, body temperature, and mental state. Scientists have developed new laboratory methods to detect these drugs in blood and urine samples to help doctors diagnose and treat overdoses.

Background

Tryptamines are psychoactive substances structurally related to serotonin that produce altered perceptions of reality through 5-HT2A receptor agonism. Currently, tryptamines are not part of typical toxicology testing regimens, and their contribution to drug overdoses may be underestimated. While prevalence was historically low, tryptamine use is increasing globally.

Objective

To review published literature and worldwide databases describing the newest tryptamines, their toxicology, chemical structures, reported overdose cases, and analytical methods for identification. The review aims to inform clinicians and laboratorians of the latest data on this public health threat.

Results

Twenty-two new analytical methods were developed from 2015-2020, primarily using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Most prevalent tryptamines identified were 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DALT, and DMT. Numerous intoxication cases documented with varying clinical presentations including hallucinations, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and psychotic episodes.

Conclusion

Tryptamine use continues to increase with considerable associated morbidity. Multiple new analytical methods have been developed for identification in biological matrices. Clinicians and laboratorians must remain informed of the latest tryptamine data and analytical techniques to properly diagnose and manage intoxications.
  • Published in:International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
  • Study Type:Literature Review,
  • Source: PMID: 33291798, DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239279
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