The Potential of Mycelium and Culture Broth of Lignosus rhinocerotis as Substitutes for the Naturally Occurring Sclerotium with Regard to Antioxidant Capacity, Cytotoxic Effect, and Low-Molecular-Weight Chemical Constituents

Summary

This research investigated whether lab-grown mushroom tissue (mycelium) and its growth liquid could substitute for naturally occurring tiger’s milk mushroom, which is rare and difficult to obtain in the wild. The study found that these lab-grown alternatives contained similar beneficial compounds and showed comparable or better antioxidant properties while remaining safe for consumption. This discovery has important implications for everyday life: • Makes beneficial mushroom compounds more accessible and affordable through controlled laboratory production • Reduces pressure on wild mushroom populations by providing sustainable alternatives • Opens possibilities for standardized production of mushroom-based health supplements • Provides a more reliable and consistent source of medicinal mushroom compounds • Could lead to more affordable mushroom-based products for consumers

Background

Lignosus rhinocerotis, known as tiger’s milk mushroom, is a medicinal mushroom found in tropical regions. Previous studies focused mainly on its sclerotium (hardened mycelium mass), but wild sclerotium supply is limited. The mushroom contains bioactive components with health-promoting effects across its different morphological stages (fruiting body, mycelium, and sclerotium). While liquid fermentation offers advantages for producing fungal biomass and metabolites, the potential of mycelium and culture broth as alternatives to sclerotium has been overlooked.

Objective

To compare the antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic effects of L. rhinocerotis cultured under different liquid fermentation conditions (shaken and static) with the sclerotium produced by solid-substrate fermentation. Additionally, to analyze and compare the low-molecular-weight chemical constituents present in the mycelium, culture broth and sclerotium.

Results

The mycelium and culture broth extracts demonstrated either higher or comparable antioxidant capacities to the sclerotium extract. All extracts showed low cytotoxicity (IC50>200 µg/ml) against selected mammalian cell lines. Chemical analysis identified various compounds including sugars, fatty acids, methyl esters, sterols, amides, amino acids, phenolics, and triterpenoids. Protein analysis confirmed the presence of proteins <40 kDa. Principal component analysis revealed distinct chemical profiles between mycelial extracts and sclerotium.

Conclusion

Based on bioactivity evaluation and chemical profiling, L. rhinocerotis from liquid fermentation shows promise as an alternative source of functional ingredients and potential substitute for the sclerotium. The mycelium and culture broth demonstrated comparable or superior antioxidant properties while maintaining similar low cytotoxicity profiles to the sclerotium, despite having different chemical compositions.
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