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Superficial Fungal Infections in Children—What Do We Know?

Summary

Fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails are increasingly common in children worldwide, especially in warm, humid climates and in crowded living conditions. These infections are caused by germs that live on the skin and can spread through contact with infected people or animals. Children are particularly vulnerable due to their developing immune systems, but most infections are treatable with topical creams or oral medications, with terbinafine being the most effective option currently available.

Background

Superficial fungal infections (SFIs) are common dermatological conditions affecting skin, hair, and nails in children, primarily caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. The incidence has increased in recent years due to immune system immaturity, skin barrier dysfunction, and various environmental and socioeconomic factors including poor hygiene and overcrowding.

Objective

This review explores current epidemiological trends, diagnostic practices, and treatment options for superficial fungal infections in the pediatric population, with particular focus on scalp infections, athlete’s foot, and nail infections.

Results

The review identifies tinea capitis as the most common SFI in early childhood, with geographic variation in causative agents. Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes are the most frequently isolated pathogens, with increasing resistance to terbinafine reported. Diagnostic methods range from microscopic examination and culture to advanced techniques like PCR and MALDI-TOF MS.

Conclusion

Superficial fungal infections represent a growing health problem in children requiring accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Terbinafine remains the drug of choice for dermatophyte infections, though emerging resistance is concerning. Effective management requires integration of clinical examination with laboratory tools and attention to prevention through hygiene and risk factor modification.
  • Published in:Journal of Clinical Medicine,
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: PMID: 41156250
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