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Reappraisal of the Genus Exsudoporus (Boletaceae) Worldwide Based on Multi-Gene Phylogeny, Morphology and Biogeography, and Insights on Amoenoboletus

Summary

This research helps clarify the classification of a group of mushrooms called Exsudoporus, showing they are distinct from their close relatives. The study used DNA analysis and detailed examination of mushroom characteristics to understand how different species are related and where they occur globally. Impact on everyday life: – Helps mushroom enthusiasts and experts correctly identify these species – Improves our understanding of mushroom diversity and evolution – Contributes to knowledge of forest ecology since these fungi form important partnerships with trees – Aids in conservation efforts by clarifying which species need protection – Supports food safety by helping distinguish edible from potentially harmful species

Background

The boletoid genera Butyriboletus and Exsudoporus have recently been debated taxonomically, with some researchers suggesting they constitute a single genus. However, convincing evidence for this congeneric placement has been lacking. A comprehensive analysis was needed to assess taxonomic boundaries between these genera and clarify species delimitation within Exsudoporus.

Objective

To establish generic limits of Exsudoporus and resolve the taxonomic relationship with Butyriboletus through phylogenetic analysis. Additional objectives included determining species-level diversity within Exsudoporus globally, elucidating phylogenetic relationships between species, clarifying morphological variability of E. permagnificus, and assessing ecological requirements and biogeographic distribution of Exsudoporus species worldwide.

Results

Phylogenetic analysis clearly resolved Exsudoporus as a monophyletic, homogeneous and independent genus sister to Butyriboletus. The study documented E. permagnificus for the first time from Israel in association with Quercus calliprinos. North American species E. frostii and E. floridanus were molecularly confirmed as Exsudoporus representatives, and E. floridanus was epitypified. The eastern Asian species Leccinum rubrum was assigned to Exsudoporus based on molecular evidence. Four additional cryptic species from North and Central America previously misidentified as either B. frostii or B. floridanus were phylogenetically placed but remain undescribed due to limited material.

Conclusion

The study conclusively demonstrated that Exsudoporus is a distinct genus from Butyriboletus, supported by both molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence. The genus shows a Holarctic distribution pattern across temperate to subtropical regions, with species occurring in both Eastern and Western hemispheres. Most species associate with angiosperms, particularly oaks, except for E. ruber which occurs with conifers. The research clarified species boundaries and relationships while identifying several cryptic species requiring further study.
  • Published in:Journal of Fungi,
  • Study Type:Phylogenetic Analysis,
  • Source: 10.3390/jof8020101
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