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Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

Summary

Apple scab is a serious fungal disease that damages apple trees and fruit, causing significant crop losses worldwide. This study examined apple scab fungus in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, surveying 30 different apple populations and testing 302 samples. Using DNA testing and microscopy, researchers confirmed the fungus is present in about 16% of the apple populations studied, with different populations showing distinct genetic patterns based on their geographic location and whether the apples were wild or cultivated.

Background

Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, is a widespread and economically significant fungal disease affecting apple orchards globally, causing yield losses up to 70%. Central Asia is considered the likely center of origin for this pathogen, with wild Malus sieversii populations serving as potential reservoirs. Contemporary phytopathological studies confirm the active presence of V. inaequalis in both cultivated orchards and wild apple populations in Kazakhstan and neighboring regions.

Objective

This study aimed to survey wild and cultivated apple populations in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan to characterize the presence, prevalence, and genetic structure of Venturia inaequalis. The research included morphological analysis, molecular identification, and phylogenetic assessment of isolates from previously unstudied apple populations.

Results

The pathogen was detected in 8 populations (48 samples), representing a 16% infection rate. Molecular identification confirmed V. inaequalis in all positive samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clear geographic population structuring: Kyrgyz isolates formed a distinct clade related to international lineages, while Kazakh isolates exhibited higher genetic variation and geographic differentiation reflecting local environmental conditions and host genetic traits.

Conclusion

Venturia inaequalis is consistently present in both natural and cultivated apple populations in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, with clear geographic population structure evident from phylogenetic analysis. The findings highlight the importance of integrated approaches combining morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic methods for effective pathogen monitoring and control, and support implementing targeted monitoring and locally adapted management strategies.
  • Published in:Current Issues in Molecular Biology,
  • Study Type:Field Survey and Molecular Characterization Study,
  • Source: 10.3390/cimb47121011
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