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Mesoporous silica and vegetal extracts combined as sustainable stone heritage protection against biodeterioration

Summary

Researchers developed an eco-friendly method to protect historic stone buildings and sculptures from fungal damage. They trapped natural plant oils (from oregano and thyme) inside tiny nano-containers made of silica, which slowly releases the antimicrobial compounds over time. When tested on marble samples, this coating prevented fungal growth for two months without harmful chemicals, making it safe for both the environment and workers preserving cultural heritage.

Background

Biodeterioration caused by microorganisms represents a major threat to cultural heritage stone materials. Traditional antimicrobial treatments using synthetic biocides are toxic to the environment and operators. This study explores sustainable alternatives using natural vegetal extracts encapsulated in mesoporous silica matrices for prolonged antimicrobial activity.

Objective

To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of vegetal extracts (limonene, thyme, and oregano) encapsulated in MCM-41 mesoporous silica particles against fungal biodeterioration on stone surfaces. The study aimed to determine if encapsulation enhances antimicrobial activity and reduces evaporation while providing sustainable stone protection.

Results

Encapsulation in MCM-41 reduced MIC values for oregano essential oil by 50% compared to free extract. Oregano essential oil showed the strongest antimicrobial activity with MIC of 0.05-0.1% when encapsulated. The coating containing 1% oregano essential oil (COT-1) effectively inhibited fungal colonization on marble surfaces over 60 days, with encapsulation reducing volatility and extending antimicrobial duration.

Conclusion

Mesoporous MCM-41 silica encapsulating vegetal extracts offers a promising sustainable alternative for preventing microbiological growth on stone heritage surfaces. The encapsulation system enhances antimicrobial efficacy, reduces evaporation, and minimizes operator exposure while maintaining environmental safety and stone aesthetic integrity.
  • Published in:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,
  • Study Type:Experimental Study,
  • Source: PMID: 40263156; DOI: 10.1007/s00253-025-13475-5
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