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Mesoporous silica and vegetal extracts combined as sustainable stone heritage protection against biodeterioration

Summary

Researchers developed an innovative protective coating for historic stone structures using natural plant extracts encapsulated in special porous silica particles. The oregano oil-based coating successfully prevented fungal growth on marble surfaces for extended periods while being safe for the environment and workers. This sustainable solution offers museums and heritage conservation professionals a non-toxic alternative to harsh chemical biocides, helping preserve precious artifacts for future generations.

Background

Biodeterioration of stone materials in cultural heritage is a major conservation concern, with microorganisms such as fungi playing a critical role in degradation. Traditional biocide treatments are often toxic to the environment and operators. Natural vegetal extracts have emerged as promising sustainable alternatives for antimicrobial protection.

Objective

This study investigates the use of MCM-41 mesoporous silica particles as nanocontainers for vegetal extracts to develop a sustainable antimicrobial coating for stone surfaces. The goal is to evaluate whether encapsulation enhances antimicrobial efficacy, reduces evaporation, and prevents fungal biodeterioration on marble mock-ups.

Results

Encapsulation of oregano essential oil in MCM-41 reduced the MIC by 50% compared to free extract and significantly decreased evaporation rates. The coating containing 1% oregano EO (COT-1) effectively inhibited fungal colonization on marble surfaces over 60 days, while the lower concentration (0.1%) showed only partial protection. Thyme showed modest improvements with encapsulation, while limonene proved ineffective even when encapsulated.

Conclusion

MCM-41 mesoporous silica encapsulating oregano essential oil demonstrates significant promise as a sustainable, non-toxic protective coating for stone cultural heritage against fungal biodeterioration. The system prolongs antimicrobial activity through controlled release while reducing the quantity of extract required, offering a viable alternative to traditional biocides.
  • Published in:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,
  • Study Type:Experimental Study,
  • Source: 10.1007/s00253-025-13475-5, PMID: 40263156
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