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Impact of Clove Oil on Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans and Its Effects on Mice with Candida Vaginitis

Summary

This research demonstrates that clove oil, a natural and FDA-approved dietary supplement, can effectively combat Candida albicans infections that cause vaginal yeast infections. The study found that clove oil works by preventing the fungus from forming protective biofilms and by reducing inflammation. In mice with vaginal yeast infections, clove oil treatment significantly improved symptoms and reduced fungal levels, suggesting it could serve as a safer alternative to conventional antifungal medications.

Background

Candida albicans is a conditional pathogenic fungus that can cause various infections including vulvovaginal candidiasis. Biofilm formation is a primary virulence factor and contributor to antifungal drug resistance. Clove oil has demonstrated antifungal properties and is FDA-certified as a dietary supplement.

Objective

To investigate the effects of clove oil on C. albicans biofilm formation in vitro and evaluate its therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of candida vaginitis. The study aimed to identify potential molecular targets and signaling pathways involved in clove oil’s antifungal mechanism.

Results

Clove oil inhibited C. albicans adhesion, mycelium formation, and biofilm maturation at concentrations of 525-1050 μg/mL. In mice, clove oil treatment reduced inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-17a, TNF-α) and alleviated vaginitis symptoms. Clove oil regulated CDC42, Ste11, Hst7, CEK1, and CPH1 genes through the CEK1-MAPK signaling pathway, with eugenol identified as the primary active component.

Conclusion

Clove oil effectively inhibits C. albicans biofilm formation and provides therapeutic benefits in candida vaginitis through regulation of the CEK1-MAPK signaling pathway. These findings support clove oil as a potential alternative or complementary therapy for vulvovaginal candidiasis with improved safety profile compared to conventional antifungal drugs.
  • Published in:Mycobiology,
  • Study Type:In vitro and in vivo experimental study,
  • Source: PMID: 40792184, DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2025.2537477
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