Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini: New boundaries, extended biogeography and unexpected diversity unravelled by transatlantic studies

Summary

This research provides new insights into the diversity and classification of waxcap mushrooms (genus Hygrophorus), particularly focusing on a group of dark-colored, slimy species. The study reveals several previously unknown species and updates how these fungi are classified based on their evolutionary relationships. This work impacts everyday life in several ways: • Helps mushroom enthusiasts and experts better identify different species of waxcap mushrooms in the field • Improves our understanding of fungal biodiversity in different forest ecosystems • Contributes to conservation efforts by documenting fungal diversity in understudied regions • Aids in tracking the distribution of these fungi which form important partnerships with trees • Provides a foundation for future studies on the ecological roles of these fungi in forest health

Background

Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini is currently a polyphyletic assembly within subg. Colorati, encompassing glutinous and pigmented taxa. According to available literature, between 12-20 species may belong in the section, mostly represented in continental and boreal forests of Europe and North America. However, limited phylogenetic and biogeographic coverage does not allow reliable assessment of taxonomic boundaries or complete understanding of species diversity within the section.

Objective

To revise and establish natural evolutionary boundaries for Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini through comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of intercontinental collections, including previously unpositioned type specimens and collections from unexplored Mediterranean and Anatolian ecosystems.

Results

The study identified 30 clades within 5 distinct lineages, including 11 species new to science. Seven new species were formally described: H. agathosmoides, H. albofloccosus, H. canadensis, H. limosus, H. marcocontui, H. pinophilus and H. pustulatoides. The analysis led to re-evaluation of section boundaries into a core monophyletic clade including H. olivaceoalbus and five closely related species. Four remaining lineages were assigned section rank: sect. Fuscocinerei, sect. Limacini, sect. Nudolidi and sect. Tephroleuci.

Conclusion

The study revealed previously unknown diversity within Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini and established new evolutionary-based taxonomic boundaries. The section was redefined as a monophyletic group, with related species assigned to four new sections. Historical names were stabilized through designation of neotypes, lectotypes and epitypes. The work provides an updated systematic framework reflecting evolutionary relationships within this fungal group.
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