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Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles with Extracellular and Intracellular Extracts of Basidiomycetes

Summary

This research demonstrates an environmentally friendly way to produce metal nanoparticles using edible mushrooms. Instead of using harsh chemicals, the scientists used extracts from common mushrooms to create gold, silver, selenium and silicon nanoparticles that could be used in medicine and technology. The process is safe, non-toxic and controllable. Impacts on everyday life: • Provides a greener way to manufacture nanoparticles for medical treatments • Uses safe, edible mushrooms instead of toxic chemicals • Creates materials that could improve cancer treatments and antimicrobial medicines • Demonstrates sustainable manufacturing methods • Opens possibilities for new medical and technological applications

Background

Nanoparticles have unique catalytic, electronic, magnetic, chemical, photoelectrochemical, and optical properties important in technology and medicine. Gold nanoparticles are highly stable, low reactogenic, and biocompatible, while silver nanoparticles have antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Most studies on nanoparticle synthesis with basidiomycetes have used fungal cultures in vivo, containing various unidentified enzymes and substances, leading to irreproducible results.

Objective

To examine how culture liquid filtrates and intracellular extracts from the basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, and Grifola frondosa can be used to synthesize Au, Ag, Se, and Si nanoparticles in vitro. Additionally, to study nanoparticle synthesis with extracts from different stages of fungal development.

Results

The shape, size and aggregation properties of nanoparticles depended on both fungal species and extract type. The bioreduction of metal compounds and formation rate of Au and Ag nanoparticles correlated directly with phenol oxidase activity of the fungal extracts. Se and Si nanoparticle formation did not depend on phenol oxidase activity. Using mycelial extracts from different fungal morphological structures yielded nanoparticles of varying shapes and sizes. Au nanoparticles showed negligible cytotoxicity at 1-100 μg/mL, while Ag nanoparticles were non-toxic only between 1-10 μg/mL.

Conclusion

Extra- and intracellular extracts from edible and medicinal basidiomycetes can effectively synthesize Au, Ag, Se, and Si nanoparticles. The process is simple, accessible and environmentally benign, yielding nanoparticles of required chemical makeup, shape and size. The method’s advantages include using non-toxic fungi and avoiding biomass separation. Nanoparticle characteristics can be controlled by varying fungal species, extract type and morphological structure used.
  • Published in:PeerJ,
  • Study Type:Laboratory Research,
  • Source: 10.7717/peerj.5237
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