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Geographical distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans in Iran, pathogenic factors, and antifungal susceptibility profile

Summary

Researchers tested pigeon droppings from across Iran to find a dangerous fungus called Cryptococcus neoformans that can cause serious lung infections. They found this fungus in about 8.6% of samples, with more present in some provinces than others. The fungus showed concerning resistance to some common antifungal medications but remained sensitive to others like voriconazole, which could help guide treatment decisions.

Background

Cryptococcus neoformans is an important pathogenic fungus with pigeon droppings serving as its primary ecological niche. The disease cryptococcosis has worldwide distribution, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Limited data exists on the frequency and distribution of C. neoformans across Iranian provinces.

Objective

To investigate the frequency of C. neoformans in pigeon droppings from various Iranian provinces, assess pathogenic factors of isolated strains, and evaluate their antifungal susceptibility profiles.

Results

37 isolates (8.6%) were positive for C. neoformans, with highest frequency in Kermanshah (31.5%) and lowest in Fars (3.1%). All isolates exhibited capsule production, melanin pigmentation, urease and catalase activity. All isolates showed wild-type phenotype against voriconazole and 5-flucytosine, but 100% were non-wild type against amphotericin B.

Conclusion

C. neoformans frequency in Iranian cities was 8.6% with geographical variation. All isolates were identified as variety grubii and demonstrated pathogenic virulence factors. Isolates showed sensitivity to voriconazole and 5-flucytosine but resistance to amphotericin B and itraconazole.
  • Published in:BMC Microbiology,
  • Study Type:Observational Study,
  • Source: PMID: 40830836, DOI: 10.1186/s12866-025-04292-x
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