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From natural laboratory to drug discovery: Chemical structures, bioactivities, and biosynthesis of meroterpenoids from Ganoderma species

Summary

This review examines special compounds called meroterpenoids found in Ganoderma mushrooms (commonly known as Reishi). Scientists have identified over 350 of these compounds from 14 different Ganoderma species. These compounds show promise for treating various health conditions including cancer, kidney disease, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. The researchers also propose how these compounds are made inside the mushroom, which could help scientists produce them more efficiently for medical use.

Background

Meroterpenoids are secondary metabolites with complex structures and diverse bioactivities found in plants, animals, and fungi. Ganoderma meroterpenoids (GMs) are characterized by 1,2,4-trisubstituted phenyl and polyunsaturated terpene moieties. Over 350 compounds from 14 Ganoderma species have been characterized since the first isolation in 2000.

Objective

To provide a comprehensive review of the chemical structures, biological activities, and biosynthesis of meroterpenoids isolated from 14 different Ganoderma species. The review aims to establish a scientific foundation for exploration and utilization of Ganoderma resources for drug discovery and development.

Results

Over 347 meroterpenoids characterized from 14 Ganoderma species with diverse bioactivities including antioxidant, immunosuppressive, antiviral, antibacterial, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Major sources include G. cochlear (108 compounds), G. applanatum (64), G. lucidum (55), G. theaecolum (25), and G. sinense (25). Proposed biosynthetic pathway involves prenyltransferases transferring geranyl or farnesyl pyrophosphate to hydroquinone.

Conclusion

GMs represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery with diverse biological activities. Further exploration of meroterpenoids from understudied Ganoderma species and elucidation of biosynthetic pathways through biochemical assays and transgenic approaches will advance sustainable development and utilization of Ganoderma resources.
  • Published in:Chinese Herbal Medicine,
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: PMID: 41584709
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