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Environmental Impacts and Strategies for Bioremediation of Dye-Containing Wastewater

Summary

Textile factories release large amounts of dyes into water, creating serious pollution problems. Scientists have discovered that tiny living organisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae can eat and break down these dyes into harmless substances. This biological approach is cheaper, safer, and more environmentally friendly than traditional chemical methods used to clean wastewater, making it a promising solution for industries worldwide.

Background

Rapid industrialization and textile manufacturing have led to significant discharge of dyes, heavy metals, and carcinogenic substances into water bodies. Dyes are persistent contaminants that affect human health, aquatic ecosystems, and water quality. Traditional physicochemical treatment methods are costly, generate excessive sludge, and have limited scalability.

Objective

This review presents state-of-the-art bioremediation techniques for removing dyes from textile wastewater. The study examines the use of various microbial strains including bacteria, fungi, algae, and yeast, as well as enzyme-based approaches and advanced bioreactor systems for effective dye degradation.

Results

Bacterial consortia achieved 93-100% removal efficiency for various dyes including reactive black 5 and direct red 81. Fungal strains showed 90-98.7% degradation efficiency. Algal species demonstrated significant biosorption capacity with removal efficiencies up to 96.4%. Advanced bioreactor systems combined with hybrid treatment approaches improved overall efficiency and COD reduction.

Conclusion

Bioremediation offers a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to traditional physicochemical methods for treating dye-containing wastewater. Integration of multiple biological strains with advanced bioreactor technologies and microbial fuel cells shows promising potential for industrial-scale application, though further research is needed for complex synthetic dyes and resistant metabolites.
  • Published in:Bioengineering (Basel),
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: PMID: 41155042; DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering12101043
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