Elevation Matters More Than Season in Shaping the Heterogeneity of Soil and Root Associated Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community

Summary

This research examined how elevation and seasonal changes affect communities of beneficial fungi that help trees and plants obtain nutrients from soil. The study found that changes in elevation had a bigger impact on these fungi than seasonal changes throughout the year. This has important implications for understanding how these crucial soil organisms might respond to environmental change. Key impacts on everyday life: • Helps predict how climate change might affect forest health and growth through impacts on beneficial soil fungi • Provides insights for forest management and restoration practices across different elevations • Improves understanding of how to maintain healthy soil ecosystems that support plant growth • Informs conservation strategies for protecting fungal biodiversity in mountain environments • Contributes to knowledge about maintaining productive forest ecosystems that provide wood, clean air and water

Background

Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi play important roles in forest ecosystems by exchanging soil nutrients with host plants for photosynthetic carbon and protecting host plants against soil pathogens. Their richness and community composition can change along elevation and seasonal gradients, but no study has compared the relative importance of these factors while considering different sample types.

Objective

To assess EcM fungal diversity across forest and alpine meadow zones, reveal spatiotemporal dynamics of EcM fungal communities, and quantify the relative importance of different environmental factors in shaping these dynamics. The study aimed to determine whether elevation or seasonal changes had a greater influence on EcM fungal communities.

Results

The study identified 3,416 EcM fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) representing two phyla, 39 phylogenetic lineages, and 66 genera. EcM fungal richness showed a declining pattern with increasing elevation in forest zones but increased in alpine meadows. Strong community turnovers were observed across elevational zones and between seasons. Changes in community similarity between seasons were equivalent to community turnover across 400m of elevation. Elevation and edaphic factors had the largest effects on EcM fungal communities, with elevation explaining more variation than seasonal changes.

Conclusion

Elevation has a stronger influence than seasonal changes in shaping EcM fungal community heterogeneity. This is likely because environmental factor variability is higher across different elevations than across seasons. The influence of both elevation and season on EcM fungal communities is best explained by analyzing combined effects of multiple environmental factors, particularly soil variables, rather than individual factors alone.
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