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Diversity and functions of fungal VOCs with special reference to the multiple bioactivities of the mushroom alcohol

Summary

Fungi release various volatile compounds (VOCs) that have different effects on organisms and the environment. The most notable fungal VOC is 1-octen-3-ol, also called mushroom alcohol, which gives mushrooms their distinctive smell. This compound can inhibit fungal growth, repel insects, and help control plant diseases, but at high concentrations it may be toxic to humans and trigger immune responses. Scientists use fruit flies as a model to study how these fungal compounds affect health.

Background

Fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have received increasing attention as bioactive chemical signals that can play important roles in various environments. Over 300 VOCs have been identified from fungi, with diverse chemical compositions and biological functions. These compounds may cause health problems in humans when encountered at high concentrations in water-damaged or mold-contaminated indoor environments.

Objective

This review summarizes the diversity and functions of different fungal VOCs, with special focus on 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom alcohol), its biosynthesis and bioactive characteristics, and the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a genetic model to assess the health impacts of fungal VOCs.

Results

Fungal VOCs are classified into eight major categories: terpenoids, aromatic compounds, alcohols, alkanes, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and heterocyclic compounds. 1-octen-3-ol, produced from linoleic acid breakdown, exhibits multiple bioactivities including antifungal effects, plant growth inhibition, and arthropod semiochemical activity. Drosophila studies suggest that the Toll immune pathway is engaged in mediating VOC toxicity.

Conclusion

Fungal VOCs represent a diverse group of compounds with multifaceted roles in ecosystems, agriculture, and human health. Future research should emphasize the connection between VOC studies and immunological investigations to better understand their molecular mechanisms and health implications.
  • Published in:Mycology,
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: PMID: 40937142, DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2025.2453717
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