Composted Versus Raw Olive Mill Waste as Substrates for the Production of Medicinal Mushrooms: An Assessment of Selected Cultivation and Quality Parameters

Summary

This research demonstrates how harmful olive oil production waste can be transformed into a valuable resource for growing edible mushrooms. The study found that mixing composted olive mill waste with traditional mushroom growing materials produced excellent yields of various gourmet mushroom species. This process offers both environmental and economic benefits. Impacts on everyday life: • Provides a solution for managing environmentally problematic olive oil industry waste • Creates new opportunities for sustainable mushroom farming • Offers potential economic benefits for both olive oil producers and mushroom growers • Increases the availability of nutritious, gourmet mushrooms for consumers • Demonstrates practical applications of circular economy principles in agriculture

Background

Two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW, ‘alperujo’) is a highly biotoxic sludge-like effluent from olive-oil milling with huge seasonal production. The disposal of this waste poses serious environmental problems due to its high organic content, composition, and seasonality. While various treatment approaches have been studied, using TPOMW as a substrate for edible mushroom cultivation has received limited attention.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of fifteen fungal strains belonging to five species (Agrocybe cylindracea, Pleurotus cystidiosus, P. eryngii, P. ostreatus, and P. pulmonarius) to colonize media composed of TPOMW, used either raw or composted in mixtures with wheat straw in various ratios. The study aimed to assess cultivation parameters and quality metrics to determine optimal substrate compositions.

Results

Qualified strains exhibited high biological efficiency values (120-135% for Pleurotus spp. and 125% for A. cylindracea) on substrates supplemented with 20-40% composted TPOMW or 20% raw TPOMW. Negative impacts on mushroom yields were only observed when raw TPOMW supplementation exceeded 60%. Earliness and mushroom size as well as quality parameters showed no significant differences compared to control wheat-straw substrate. Substrate hemicellulose content negatively correlated with mycelium growth rates and yields.

Conclusion

TPOMW-based media demonstrated great potential for substituting traditional mushroom cultivation substrates while valorizing environmentally hazardous agricultural waste. Optimal results were achieved with 20-40% composted TPOMW supplementation. The process requires minor modifications to reduce incubation period and yield variability. This approach offers both waste management benefits and commercial mushroom production opportunities.
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