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Biphasic Fermentation of Trapa bispinosa Shells by Ganoderma sinense and Characterization of Its Polysaccharides and Alcoholic Extract and Analysis of Their Bioactivity

Summary

This study investigated fermenting water chestnut shells with a medicinal mushroom called Ganoderma sinense to create a more potent health product. Under optimal fermentation conditions, the resulting material showed significantly improved immune-boosting and antioxidant properties when tested in laboratory cells. The fermentation process changed the structure of polysaccharides and increased beneficial compounds, potentially transforming agricultural waste into a valuable functional food or supplement.

Background

Trapa bispinosa shells are discarded as waste despite possessing medicinal properties including antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects. Ganoderma sinense has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years with documented bioactive compounds. Biphasic fermentation technology combines medicinal materials with edible fungi to enhance pharmacological activities through microbial enzyme systems.

Objective

To optimize solid-state fermentation of Trapa bispinosa shells using Ganoderma sinense and characterize the resulting polysaccharides and alcoholic extracts for their immunomodulatory and antioxidant bioactivity.

Results

Optimal fermentation conditions were 2 days at 14°C with 77% humidity, yielding 4.36% water extract and 82.36% DPPH radical scavenging rate. P2 showed enhanced immune stimulation with increased NO, iNOS, IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α secretion through NF-κB pathway activation. AE2 demonstrated superior antioxidant activity with increased T-AOC and T-SOD and decreased MDA through Nrf2/Keap1-ARE pathway upregulation.

Conclusion

Biphasic fermentation by Ganoderma sinense reduced polysaccharide molecular weight, increased triple helix structure content, and modified functional groups, enhancing immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. Fermentation also enriched the alcoholic extract with bioactive compounds. These modifications suggest fermented Trapa bispinosa shells have potential as functional foods with enhanced medicinal value.
  • Published in:Molecules,
  • Study Type:Experimental Study,
  • Source: PMID: 38542875
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