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Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination, Distribution, and Source Identification in Surface Sediments from the Mid–Upper Reaches of the Yellow River

Summary

Scientists studied pollution in sediments from China’s Yellow River and found high levels of chromium and cadmium, especially in cities. They determined that most of the pollution comes from human activities like industrial emissions and agriculture rather than natural sources. The research shows different areas of the river have different pollution levels, with the most polluted areas being major cities. This study helps identify where pollution comes from and guides efforts to clean up the river.

Background

River sediments serve as reservoirs for heavy metal pollutants, which pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health through the food chain. The Yellow River, the second largest river in China, has experienced heavy metal pollution over recent decades due to agricultural, urban, and industrial activities. Previous studies on heavy metal pollution in the Yellow River were limited to specific small areas rather than comprehensive assessments of the mid-upper reaches.

Objective

This study investigated the contents, spatial distribution characteristics, and pollution levels of eight heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Cd) in surface sediments from the mid-upper reaches of the Yellow River. The research aimed to identify potential contamination sources and provide guidance for local pollution control and prevention strategies.

Results

The study revealed elevated concentrations of Cr and Cd, with particularly severe pollution in urban areas including Weinan City, Baotou City, and Luoyang City. Cd showed the highest enrichment degree with an average EF value of 6.32. Correlation and PCA analysis indicated that Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Cr primarily originate from natural sources, while Pb and most Zn come from anthropogenic sources. Overall ecological risk was classified as medium risk, mainly driven by Cd.

Conclusion

The mid-upper reaches of the Yellow River exhibit significant spatial variations in heavy metal contamination, with Cr and Cd being the main pollution factors linked to human activities. Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Cr primarily originate from natural weathering processes, while Pb, Zn, and Cd are mainly anthropogenic pollutants. This comprehensive assessment provides critical information for environmental management and pollution control strategies along the Yellow River.
  • Published in:Toxics,
  • Study Type:Observational Study,
  • Source: 10.3390/toxics13030150, PMID: 40137478
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