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Advancements in biopile-based sustainable soil remediation: a decade of improvements, integrating bioremediation technologies and AI-based innovative tools

Summary

This review examines how biopile technology, which uses naturally occurring microorganisms to break down soil pollutants, has improved over the past decade. By optimizing conditions like moisture, temperature, and oxygen levels, and combining biopiles with sustainable materials like biochar and biosurfactants, scientists can effectively remove contaminants from soil while supporting carbon storage and ecosystem recovery. The approach offers an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional chemical remediation methods.

Background

Soil degradation has become a significant global issue driven by unsustainable practices such as intensive agriculture, deforestation, and overgrazing. Bioremediation, particularly biopile technology, offers an environmentally friendly approach by leveraging microbial activity to degrade pollutants. The efficiency of biopiles depends on key factors such as moisture, temperature, nutrient availability, oxygen levels, and microbial diversity.

Objective

This review explores sustainable bioremediation techniques with a focus on biopiles and their integration with other technologies. It assesses the principles, advantages, limitations, and potential solutions associated with microbial bioremediation, phytoremediation, and ecopiles over the last decade.

Results

The review demonstrates that biopile technology achieves significant pollutant removal rates, with studies showing TPH reductions of 79-93% within 15-42 days. Integration of sustainable materials like biochar, biosurfactants, and natural sorbents enhances remediation efficiency. Microbial communities and engineered nanoparticles further improve degradation of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals.

Conclusion

Biopile technology represents an effective and sustainable approach to soil remediation when combined with appropriate biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and sustainable amendments. Future implementation should prioritize integrated approaches that optimize key parameters like temperature, moisture, pH, and aeration while incorporating innovative materials and AI-based monitoring tools.
  • Published in:Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: 10.1007/s11356-025-37002-1, PMID: 41060583
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