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Functions of the Three Common Fungal Extracellular Membrane (CFEM) Domain-Containing Genes of Arthrobotrys flagrans in the Process of Nematode Trapping

Summary

Researchers studied how a fungus called Arthrobotrys flagrans catches and kills parasitic worms. They found that three genes containing a special protein domain called CFEM control how the fungus produces sticky traps and deadly proteins. By studying mutant fungi with these genes deleted or overexpressed, they discovered that these genes work together and can compensate for each other, helping explain how this fungus could be used as a natural pest control for harmful nematodes.

Background

Arthrobotrys flagrans is a nematode-trapping fungus that produces three-dimensional adhesive networks to capture parasitic nematodes. Proteins containing the common fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) domain are implicated in pathogenicity and host-pathogen interactions across various fungi. Understanding the role of CFEM genes in A. flagrans is important for developing biocontrol agents.

Objective

This study investigates the specific biological functions of three CFEM domain-containing genes (AfCFEM1-3) in A. flagrans during nematode trapping. The research aims to elucidate how these genes contribute to trap formation, adhesive material production, and pathogenicity against nematodes.

Results

Loss of AfCFEM1 and AfCFEM3 increased nematode mortality and adhesive material on trap surfaces, while AfCFEM2 deletion decreased these parameters. Deletion of AfCFEM1-3 resulted in increased irregular trap formation and thinner trap cell walls. Compensatory effects among CFEM family members and other protein families were demonstrated through upregulation of alternative genes.

Conclusion

AfCFEM1-3 genes are essential for adhesive material production, trap morphology, cell wall biogenesis, and pathogenicity of A. flagrans. The study reveals compensatory mechanisms within the CFEM family, providing insights into how this fungus kills nematodes and supporting development of improved biocontrol agents.
  • Published in:Microorganisms,
  • Study Type:Experimental Research,
  • Source: PMID: 41011333, DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13092001
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