Xenorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Useful Facets of Mutualistic Bacteria of Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Author: mycolabadmin
8/31/2022
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Summary

Xenorhabdus bacteria are tiny organisms that naturally live inside microscopic worms used for pest control. These bacteria produce powerful substances that can kill harmful insects, fungi, and plant-damaging worms without using toxic chemical pesticides. Scientists are discovering new types of these bacteria and their compounds, which could help create safer products for farming and disease control. This research shows these beneficial microbes could replace harmful chemicals in agriculture.

Background

Xenorhabdus bacteria are symbiotic organisms found within entomopathogenic nematodes of the Steinernema genus. These bacteria have shown promise as alternatives to chemical pesticides due to their ability to produce diverse bioactive compounds with insecticidal, fungicidal, and nematicidal properties. Growing concern over chemical pesticide misuse has increased interest in exploring safer biological control alternatives.

Objective

This review examines the identification, taxonomy, diversity, pathogenicity, and practical applications of Xenorhabdus bacteria in pest and pathogen management. The paper aims to highlight the significance of integrating Xenorhabdus-derived compounds into holistic integrated pest management strategies for controlling multiple pest and disease categories.

Results

The genus Xenorhabdus comprises at least 27 described species with diverse bioactive compounds including antibiotics, toxins, enzymes, and bacteriocins encoded on chromosomal pathogenicity islands. Various Xenorhabdus strains demonstrate pathogenicity against insects (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera orders), plant-parasitic nematodes, fungi, and other pathogens. Individual strains show variable efficacy against different pests, and synergistic effects occur when combined with other biological agents.

Conclusion

Xenorhabdus bacteria represent valuable biocontrol agents with versatile applications in integrated pest management programs. Despite commercial development challenges, advances in genome sequencing and strain discovery continue to reveal new beneficial species and compounds. Further research should focus on optimizing formulations, understanding mechanisms of action, and establishing field-scale applications for sustainable agriculture.

Published in:Life (Basel),
Study Type:Review,
Source: PMID: 36143397, PMCID: PMC9503066