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The Biocontrol and Growth-Promoting Potential of Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp. in Sustainable Agriculture

Summary

This review explores how two common fungi, Penicillium and Trichoderma, can help crops grow better and resist diseases naturally. These beneficial fungi live in plant roots and soil, providing nutrients, protecting against harmful pathogens, and helping plants cope with environmental stress. They offer an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides and fertilizers, making them valuable for sustainable agriculture.

Background

Plant-growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) play a central role in sustainable agriculture by improving plant growth and resilience. Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp. are extensively studied filamentous fungi known for their ability to promote plant growth and provide biocontrol against various pathogens. These endophytic fungi establish mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships with host plants without causing negative effects.

Objective

This literature review surveyed the impacts of Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. on various agricultural and horticultural plants. The review aimed to present up-to-date results regarding practical applications of these two important types of PGPF, considering their mechanisms of action and effectiveness in sustainable crop production.

Results

Both Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp. demonstrated effectiveness as biocontrol agents and growth promoters across numerous plant species. They improve mineral nutrient absorption, enhance morphological growth, improve reproductive potential and yield, and induce disease resistance. Multiple Trichoderma species effectively controlled various phytopathogens, while Penicillium species showed promise in salt stress tolerance and phosphate solubilization.

Conclusion

Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp. are effective, affordable, safe, and eco-friendly biocontrol agents for various plant species. Both can be considered economically important microorganisms for agricultural and horticultural sciences. These fungi represent promising alternatives for sustainable crop production and disease management without relying solely on chemical fungicides.
  • Published in:Plants (Basel),
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: PMID: 40648017, PMCID: PMC12251682, DOI: 10.3390/plants14132007
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