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Microbial-Based Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: A Comparative Review of Bacteria- and Fungi-Mediated Approaches

Summary

Scientists are developing environmentally friendly ways to make silver nanoparticles using bacteria and fungi instead of harsh chemicals. These tiny particles show promise in fighting infections, treating cancer, cleaning water, and protecting crops. The review compares how bacteria and fungi each produce these particles and explains how different conditions affect their properties and effectiveness.

Background

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using microorganisms represents an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical methods. Bacteria and fungi are attractive sources due to their ability to produce AgNPs with tunable properties through natural enzymatic and metabolic processes, offering sustainable nanotechnology solutions.

Objective

This review provides a comparative analysis of bacterial and fungal synthesis routes for silver nanoparticles, examining their distinct advantages, limitations, and optimal applications. The study aims to establish a framework for selecting appropriate microbial systems for different technological applications and identify future research directions.

Results

Bacterial synthesis offers faster growth and genetic manipulation potential, while fungal synthesis yields higher stability and better scalability. Key synthesis parameters including pH, temperature, silver ion concentration, and microbial strain significantly influence nanoparticle size, shape, and biological activities. Both approaches produce AgNPs with antimicrobial, anticancer, and catalytic properties.

Conclusion

Microbial-based green synthesis represents a viable sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods for AgNP production. This approach advances green nanotechnology by establishing clearer frameworks for selecting microbial systems and optimizing synthesis parameters for diverse biomedical, agricultural, and environmental applications.
  • Published in:International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: PMID: 41155457, DOI: 10.3390/ijms262010163
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