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Mapping Histoplasma spp. in bats and cave ecosystems: evidence from midwestern Brazil

Summary

Researchers found that caves in Brazil harbor a dangerous fungus called Histoplasma that can cause a serious lung disease in humans. The study detected the fungus in soil samples from several caves and in multiple bat species living in those caves. The findings show which caves are most dangerous and emphasize the need for warning signs and protective measures for cave visitors and workers in the region.

Background

Caves serve as natural reservoirs for diverse microbial species including pathogenic fungi. Histoplasma spp. is frequently associated with guano-enriched soil in cave environments, particularly in Latin America, a region highly endemic for histoplasmosis. Despite the continent’s diverse biomes, local environmental and host distributions of Histoplasma remain poorly understood.

Objective

To map the presence and distribution of Histoplasma spp. in cave ecosystems and bat populations in the Federal District of Brazil and surrounding regions. The study aimed to identify environmental hotspots of fungal prevalence and demonstrate the presence of the pathogen in multiple bat species to inform public health interventions.

Results

Histoplasma DNA detected in 16 of 80 soil samples (20%) from six caves and in 33 bats representing seven species. Among tissue samples, 39 tested positive: 22 lung, 10 spleen, and 7 brain samples. Environmental mapping identified caves with varying prevalence rates and demonstrated fungal dissemination across multiple bat species and organs.

Conclusion

Study confirms Histoplasma spp. is endemic in the Federal District and surrounding areas, with identified environmental hotspots representing significant public health risks. qPCR targeting hc100 gene is an efficient tool for detecting Histoplasma in environmental and biological samples. Findings underscore the necessity for targeted public health interventions and regular soil testing in high-risk cave areas.
  • Published in:Applied and Environmental Microbiology,
  • Study Type:Field Study,
  • Source: 10.1128/aem.00335-25, PMID: 40793772
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