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Immunomodulatory activity of Pleurotus pulmonarius crude extract to human monocyte against Cryptococcus neoformans

Summary

This research shows that an extract from the Phoenix oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) can boost the body’s immune cells to fight dangerous fungal infections caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. When immune cells are pre-exposed to this mushroom extract and then encounter the fungus, they become more effective at killing it through increased production of immune-signaling molecules and reactive oxygen species. This natural supplement approach offers a promising alternative to traditional antifungal drugs, which often have significant side effects and can lead to drug resistance.

Background

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing life-threatening infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Current antifungal treatments have significant side effects and associated drug resistance. Pleurotus pulmonarius is an edible mushroom rich in bioactive molecules, particularly β-glucans, with potential immunomodulatory properties.

Objective

To investigate the immunomodulatory activities of Pleurotus pulmonarius crude extract on monocytes and macrophages against Cryptococcus neoformans infection. The study assessed cytokine production, cellular polarization, phagocytosis, and fungicidal activities using THP-1 monocytes and macrophage models.

Results

PP crude extract contained 14.72% α-glucan and 11.75% β-glucan with no cytotoxicity up to 2,000 µg/mL. Extract significantly enhanced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP1/CCL2 expression in monocytes and macrophages. Pre-exposure to PP extract reduced intracellular C. neoformans proliferation by 58% and enhanced ROS production while suppressing M2 polarization and promoting M1 phenotype.

Conclusion

Pleurotus pulmonarius crude extract demonstrates significant immunomodulatory potential as a plant-based immunomodulator to enhance protective antimicrobial responses against Cryptococcus neoformans, primarily through ROS-mediated mechanisms. Findings support its potential application in developing natural therapeutic supplements, functional foods, and trained immunity-based strategies as alternatives to conventional antifungal treatments.
  • Published in:BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies,
  • Study Type:Experimental Study,
  • Source: PMID: 40634971, DOI: 10.1186/s12906-025-04990-z
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