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Comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms conferring resistance to phenamacril in the Fusarium species

Summary

Fusarium fungi cause serious diseases in crops like wheat, rice, and vegetables worldwide, leading to significant food losses and contamination with harmful toxins. Phenamacril is a modern fungicide designed to fight these fungi by targeting a specific protein called myosin-5. However, the fungi have developed resistance to this fungicide through genetic changes and other mechanisms, making it less effective over time. Farmers need to use multiple strategies including crop rotation and resistant plant varieties rather than relying only on fungicides to successfully manage these diseases.

Background

Fusarium species are destructive filamentous fungi that cause catastrophic diseases in fruits, cereals, and vegetables, resulting in substantial crop losses and mycotoxin contamination. Phenamacril is a site-specific fungicide developed to control Fusarium spp. by targeting myosin-5 protein, but resistance to this fungicide has emerged in both field and laboratory settings.

Objective

This review comprehensively analyzes the molecular, genetic, and environmental mechanisms underlying Fusarium spp. resistance to phenamacril. The study examines how genetic mutations, efflux pumps, epigenetic changes, and agroecosystem factors contribute to resistance development and spread.

Results

Multiple point mutations in myosin-5 and myosin-1 genes confer varying levels of phenamacril resistance across different Fusarium species. ABC transporters and efflux pumps reduce intracellular fungicide accumulation, while epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation and histone alterations regulate resistance genes. Agroecosystem factors such as monoculture farming and overuse of fungicides accelerate resistance development.

Conclusion

Phenamacril resistance in Fusarium spp. results from complex interactions between genetic mutations, efflux mechanisms, and epigenetic changes. Sustainable management requires integrated pest management approaches combining fungicide rotation, resistant cultivars, and non-chemical control methods rather than relying solely on chemical fungicides.
  • Published in:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology,
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: 40007612
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