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Graphene nanomaterials: A new frontier in preventing respiratory fungal infections

Summary

Scientists are exploring nano-graphene oxide, a microscopic material made from graphene, as a new treatment for serious lung fungal infections. These tiny particles can kill fungal cells through multiple mechanisms and deliver antifungal drugs directly to infection sites while reducing harmful side effects. Researchers found that graphene oxide can be combined with existing antifungal medications to make them work better and even help overcome drug-resistant fungal infections.

Background

Fungal respiratory infections, particularly aspergillosis, represent a major cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients. Traditional antifungal treatments have limitations including low bioavailability, hepatotoxicity, and systemic adverse effects. Nano-graphene oxide (NGO) has emerged as a promising nanomaterial with notable antifungal and antibacterial properties.

Objective

This review aimed to examine the anti-pathogenic properties of nano-graphene oxide, focusing on its antifungal mechanisms and its potential role in treating pulmonary fungal infections, particularly those involving biofilm formation.

Results

NGO demonstrates potent antifungal activity through multiple mechanisms including oxidative stress, nano-knife effects, membrane disruption, and fungal cell encirclement. Surface modification and combination with antimicrobial drugs enhances efficacy. Various NGO composites showed significant inhibitory effects against Candida species, Aspergillus spp., and other fungal pathogens with controlled drug release capabilities.

Conclusion

Nano-graphene oxide represents a promising therapeutic platform for respiratory fungal infections with superior drug delivery capabilities, reduced side effects at lower doses, and ability to overcome drug-resistant pathogens. However, further research is needed to fully understand mechanisms in the respiratory system and optimize clinical applications.
  • Published in:Current Medical Mycology,
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: PMID: 41122125, DOI: 10.22034/cmm.2025.345248.1618
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