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In vitro characterization of Trichophyton rubrum biofilm by combined anti-biofilm enzymes

Summary

Athlete’s foot and nail fungal infections caused by Trichophyton rubrum are difficult to treat because the fungus forms protective biofilms that resist antifungal medications. This research shows that enzymes like cellulase, protease, and amylase can break down these biofilm barriers when used alone or in combination. The combination approach was most effective, suggesting that enzyme-based treatments could become useful additions to current fungal infection therapies.

Background

Trichophyton rubrum is a dermatophyte that forms biofilms on skin and surfaces, increasing resistance to antifungal agents. Biofilm formation represents a significant challenge in dermatological treatment and research. Anti-biofilm enzymes have shown potential in disrupting microbial biofilms but remain underexplored against dermatophytic biofilms.

Objective

This study assessed the impact of anti-biofilm enzymes (cellulase, protease, and amylase), both individually and in combination, on the inhibition and eradication of T. rubrum biofilm at different developmental stages. The research aimed to evaluate enzyme efficacy through quantitative assays, scanning electron microscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy.

Results

Cellulase demonstrated the highest inhibition rates at 64% (72h) and 47% (168h), followed by protease and amylase. Combined enzyme treatment achieved 60.62% biofilm suppression. SEM analysis revealed significant reductions in conidial density, disrupted hyphal structures, and diminished biofilm adherence. FTIR analysis confirmed degradation of glycosidic bonds and peptide structures in the biofilm matrix.

Conclusion

Combined anti-biofilm enzymes, particularly cellulase and protease, effectively disrupt T. rubrum biofilm structure and reduce exopolysaccharide content. These enzyme-based strategies show promise as adjunctive approaches to conventional antifungal therapies for treating dermatophytic infections. The study supports enzyme-based strategies as potential therapeutic alternatives for managing biofilm-associated fungal infections.
  • Published in:PLoS One,
  • Study Type:In vitro Experimental Study,
  • Source: 10.1371/journal.pone.0331291; PMID: 40929152
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