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Alternaria as an Inducer of Allergic Sensitization

Summary

This research examines how a common mold called Alternaria can trigger allergies and asthma in humans. The fungus, which is especially active during warm, dry weather, can cause severe respiratory problems and may even make people more sensitive to other allergens like pollen and certain foods. Understanding how this mold works is crucial for developing better treatments for allergies and asthma. Impacts on everyday life: – People with respiratory allergies should be aware of increased risk during late summer and early fall when Alternaria spores are most prevalent – Damp indoor environments may harbor this mold, affecting indoor air quality and health – Understanding Alternaria sensitivity can help doctors better diagnose and treat allergic conditions – This research helps explain why some people develop multiple allergies after initial exposure to mold – Improved understanding leads to better standardized treatments for mold allergies

Background

Fungal spores are an abundant component of the atmosphere, constituting the largest proportion of aerobiological particles in the environment. Of over 100,000 known fungal species, only a few cause airway diseases, with Alternaria being the most potent sensitizing aeroallergen source. Alternaria alternata is a saprophytic mold whose spores spread in warm dry air typical of Mediterranean climates, peaking in late summer and early autumn.

Objective

This review aims to detail current information regarding A. alternata-induced sensitization and immune responses, with special focus on the role of its major allergen Alt a 1. The review examines Alternaria’s mechanisms of action, its role in triggering allergic responses, and its potential as an inducer of co-sensitization to other allergens.

Results

The review found that Alternaria is strongly linked to respiratory disorders like asthma and rhinosinusitis, with Alt a 1 being its main elicitor. The fungus triggers both innate and adaptive immune responses through epithelial barrier activation and type 2 immune responses. Studies showed Alternaria can act as a carrier for other allergens and may induce co-sensitization to grass pollen and certain foods. The prevalence of sensitization varies globally from 0.2% to 20%, with higher rates in younger populations.

Conclusion

Fungal allergies are increasing in recent years, with A. alternata being a major contributor, especially in childhood asthma. While progress has been made in understanding its mechanisms of action, questions remain about individual effects of its allergenic components, particularly Alt a 1. Complete characterization of immunological mechanisms is needed to improve diagnosis and treatment formulations.
  • Published in:Journal of Fungi,
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: 10.3390/jof7100838
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