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Critical Factors Involved in Primordia Building in Agaricus bisporus: A Review

Summary

This research reviews how button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) develop from simple fungal threads into mature mushrooms. Understanding this process is crucial for commercial mushroom cultivation. The study examines how temperature, air composition, and bacterial interactions affect mushroom formation. Impacts on everyday life: • Helps improve commercial mushroom production efficiency and quality • Contributes to more sustainable food production methods • Enables better control of mushroom size and harvest timing • Supports development of improved mushroom varieties • Aids in reducing cultivation costs and food waste

Background

Agaricus bisporus is one of the most abundantly cultivated mushroom species worldwide, particularly in Europe and North America. While many aspects of its cultivation are well understood, the precise biological triggers for fructification remain unclear. Unlike most basidiomycete species that require nutrient availability, light and temperature drops for fructification, A. bisporus has unique characteristics including no light requirement and fructification inhibition by self-generated factors that must be removed by microorganisms to initiate fruiting.

Objective

This review aims to explore and synthesize current knowledge about the morphogenesis of fruiting initiation in A. bisporus, including the role of microflora, self-inhibitors for fruiting initiation, and transcription factors involved. The review contrasts this information with overall models of regulatory systems involved in primordium formation in basidiomycetes to identify knowledge gaps.

Results

The review identified several key factors in A. bisporus primordium formation: 1) The process involves multiple developmental stages from mycelial cords to mature fruiting bodies. 2) Critical environmental factors include carbon dioxide levels, temperature, and removal of self-inhibiting compounds like ethylene and C8 compounds. 3) Casing soil bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas species, play important roles in removing inhibitory compounds. 4) Transcription factors similar to other basidiomycetes are involved but with species-specific variations. 5) The interplay between these factors creates a complex regulatory system controlling fruiting initiation.

Conclusion

While the broad outlines of environmental and chemical factors influencing A. bisporus fruiting are emerging, significant knowledge gaps remain. Future research should focus on early developmental stages and investigate relationships between transcription factors, environmental conditions, self-inhibiting compounds, and mating type genes. More detailed morphological descriptions and standardized terminology would improve comparability between studies.
  • Published in:Molecules,
  • Study Type:Review,
  • Source: 10.3390/molecules25132984
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