Effects of classical psychedelics on implicit and explicit emotional empathy and cognitive empathy: a meta-analysis of MET task

Summary

This study compiled data from multiple research studies to understand how classical psychedelics like LSD, psilocybin, and ayahuasca affect empathy—the ability to understand and share others’ feelings. The findings show these substances significantly increase emotional empathy, helping people feel more connected to others’ emotions. However, they don’t appear to affect cognitive empathy, which is the mental ability to understand what others are thinking. These results suggest psychedelics may have therapeutic potential for improving social connection and emotional understanding.

Background

Empathy is a complex psychological construct crucial for human interaction and communication, encompassing cognitive and emotional dimensions in implicit and explicit forms. Recent research has examined the effects of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin, and ayahuasca on empathy, yet their overall effects have not been systematically synthesized.

Objective

This meta-analysis investigates the effect of classical psychedelic drugs on empathy by focusing on cognitive and emotional empathy measured using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) across multiple studies. The aim is to examine the effects of LSD, psilocybin, and ayahuasca on various types of empathy.

Results

Classical psychedelics significantly enhanced explicit and implicit emotional empathy compared to placebo or baseline measures without affecting cognitive empathy. The analysis included 158 total participants across five studies for overall empathy measures, with consistent effects observed for both positive and negative stimuli.

Conclusion

Classical psychedelics increase emotional empathy components while not affecting cognitive empathy, suggesting potential therapeutic applications for social cognition. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and differential effects of specific psychedelics on various empathy dimensions.
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