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Systematic Evaluation of Biodegradation of Azo Dyes by Microorganisms: Efficient Species, Physicochemical Factors, and Enzymatic Systems

Summary

Azo dyes used in textiles and fashion contaminate water supplies and pose health risks including cancer potential. This research review shows that certain microorganisms like specific fungi and bacteria can break down these harmful dyes into less toxic substances through natural enzymatic processes. By optimizing conditions like pH and temperature, and using combinations of different microbes, scientists have achieved degradation rates up to 90%, offering an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional chemical treatment methods.

Background

Azo dyes are synthetic compounds widely used in textile and fashion industries, representing 60-70% of dyes used in these sectors. Between 15-50% of these dyes are discharged into wastewater due to inefficient fixation processes, creating significant environmental contamination and toxicological concerns in aquatic ecosystems.

Objective

This systematic review evaluates the biodegradation potential of azo dyes by various microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and consortia. The study identifies efficient microbial species and examines how physicochemical factors (pH, temperature, exposure time) and enzymatic degradation pathways influence the degradation efficiency of these recalcitrant contaminants.

Results

Key efficient microorganisms identified include Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Trametes versicolor, Pichia kudriavzevi, Chlorella vulgaris, and Candida tropicalis, achieving up to 90% degradation efficiency. Enzymatic systems including azoreductases, laccases, and peroxidases were identified as key degradative agents, with synergistic effects between microbial species enhancing biodegradation potential.

Conclusion

Microbial biodegradation represents a viable eco-friendly alternative for treating azo dye-contaminated wastewater. Optimizing physicochemical conditions and leveraging enzymatic systems in microbial consortia offers promising potential for sustainable environmental remediation of textile industry effluents.
  • Published in:International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
  • Study Type:Systematic Review,
  • Source: PMID: 40869295, DOI: 10.3390/ijms26167973
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